The house project at the WD stage can be more or less voluminous.
It can only consist of architectural and construction sections – architectural (AS) and structural (SS) solutions – look sample AS section (PDF, demo version project А8) + sample section SS (PDF, demo version Ebro-400 project),
or also include ES, engineering systems – heating and ventilation (HV section of the project), water supply and sewerage (WS), electrical networks (EN), and ultimately consist of architectural and design solutions, plus engineering systems = AS + SS + HV + WS + EM;
important clarifications:
natural ventilation of premises (i.e. without the use of fans, only on natural draft) is thought out and developed by the architect , in the AS section of the project;
lightning protection is thought out and developed by an electrical engineer, in the project EN section.
In some cases, workshop drawings, WD is also required to be completed for the landscaping (this is called the Masterplan, MP section), sometimes for interiors (section AI).
Now about the Workshop Drawings’ section in detail.
MP section
Masterplan, MP section of Workshop Drawings (WD.MP) consists of four subsections:
1. horizontal planning of the site (location of all buildings and structures on the site);
2. vertical planning;
3. beautification and landscaping of the site;
4. engineering networks of the site.
The WD.MP section is developed by a specialized team of designers under a separate agreement with the client – if necessary.
This is a detailed plan of the site surface with solutions for drainage and work with the terrain;
Workshop drawings for builders:
1. Vertical layout;
2. plan of earth masses and cartogram of earthworks;
3. plan of retaining walls with elevation marks;
These drawings provide precise solutions for paths, retaining walls and other landscaping elements: platforms, gazebos, ponds, alpine slides (in development of the fundamental decisions at the “EP” stage); In the landscaping section, trees and shrubs are arranged (taking into account the seasonality of their flowering, etc.).
Worshop drawings for builders:
1. detailed Improvement plan with specification of standard elements used (benches, flower stands, etc.)
2. drawings for individual landscaping elements (retaining walls, flower beds, pergolas, trellises, etc.), architectural and structural (in particular, structural solutions for retaining walls).
3. details of the installation of hard and lawn surfaces (edges, trays, compositions of the surfaces themselves);
4. detailed Landscaping plan with specifications of shrubs, trees, lawns (where, what and how much);
These can be irrigation systems, electricity and water supply, rain drainage, electrical heating of coatings, drainage systems, etc., with all the necessary elements (sewage profiles, electrical circuits, solutions for water supply circuits, etc.); details will be developed, equipment specifications calculated.
Section AS
Section AS (Architectural Solutions) of Workshop Drawings (WD) can be seen in this example – AS section (PDF, demo version ofthe А8 project ).
This section consists of the following elements:
Assembly plans (“marking plans “).
The equipment of the house is shown and marked here: stairs, porches, decorative elements, engineering equipment (plumbing fixtures, boiler, risers of the water supply and sewerage system, heating risers, supply units and air ducts of ventilation systems), windows, doors, hatches, pergolas , fencing, etc.
Elements are provided with links to a detailed drawing of the element or to the name of the finished product. Items and materials developed or mentioned here are included in the specification. These drawings are more for the foreman, for organizing construction work.
Masonry drawings.
These are walls’ masonry plans, with masonry details, installation of ventilation and smoke ducts in the walls – and without all the unnecessary things not related to masonry (house equipment); development of ventilation and smoke ducts are required.
For buildings made of aerated blocks or with complex architecture (such asSiverka project) masonry developments of the walls are made – drawings of “bare” facades with, as it were “removed” finishing, which show the details of the walls (places of masonry reinforcement, concrete pads, nests for embedding beams in the wall, etc.). These drawings are more for mason workers, they are as easy to understand as possible and do not require explanations from the foreman (the foreman travels to the site and is not constantly present).
Sections of the building.
The sections show the internal structure of the house – heights, dimensions, components of structural compositions (what the wall, roof, ceilings are made of), structural articulation nodes, parts and elements of the building (porches, fences, canopies, with reference to drawings with a detailed study of the assembly / parts / element). Here, on the sections, the components of the compositions of walls, roofs, coverings, ceilings are given, which give the composition of each of the structures, layer by layer (which is why they are called “layer pies”, or simply “pies”).
These drawings are addressed to the foreman to organize the work.
House facades, assembly (marking) drawings.
These elevations show the external structure and equipment of the house’s facades, with element markings and height marks; details and elements of the facade are given with dimensions and references – standard (fences, roof windows) and individual (pergolas, trellises, brackets, corbels and cornices, etc.). Drawings are developed for individual elements (look Details).
Finishing house facades.
Finishing Facades show the finishing in detail, with a display of its types and links to device components. Another name for this part of the project is the Facade Finishing Passport.
Structural pairing nodes .
They provide solutions for pairing various structures – walls with a balcony slab, a balcony slab with a side or with a doorway, a covering slab with a ventilation duct, an interfloor slab with walls. During the development of such units, the shape of building structures, the exact geometry of the ends of slabs, foundations, the dimensions of rafter beams, window lintels, etc., etc. are decided.
Details
Solutions for building elements:
stairs, porches, canopies and terraces;
facade decorative elements (brackets, belts and cornices);
fencing, pergolas and trellises;
specification of doors and windows;
schemes for laying insulation on plans, converting slopes of coatings, etc.
And:
Interior wall plans;
Floor compositions;
Floor plans for terraces and balconies with calculation of surface slopes to drain water from them;
Tasks for the development of utility networks in the house (HV, WS sections of the project, provided in the form of a plan of risers and sewerage devices, a plan of risers for heating and hot water supply, a plan for main air ducts of forced ventilation);
Thermal calculation for joints of structures (only where there is a possibility of freezing, i.e. the resistance value is less than 1,2 W/ sq. m.*hour)
Quantity calculation of masonry of external and internal walls, of elements and area of roof coverings and its equipment, quantities of materials and products (specifications).
All of the above can be seen in the example AS section drawings (PDF, demo version A8 project, only for familiarization with the project, not for construction).
SS section
SS section (structural solutions) of working documentation (WD) can be viewed in this example – drawings of the SS section (PDF, demo version Ebro-400 project)
The SS section may consist of two or three subsections – RCS, MS and WS (reinforced concrete, metal and wooden structures, respectively).
foundation solutions (RCS subsection);
reinforced concrete slab floors (RCS);
beam metal floors (MS);
beam wooden floors (WS);
monolithic sections of reinforced concrete (RCS) floors;
columns and racks, reinforced concrete, metal or wood (RCS, MS or WS);
beams and lintels, reinforced concrete, metal or wood (RCS, MS or WS);
pitched roofing structures, metal or wooden (MS or WS);
load-bearing elements of stairs – reinforced concrete, metal or wood (RCS, MS or WS).
Thus, the subsection includes different elements, beams, racks, and floors, combined based on the material from which they are made. For example, in the MS subsection there can only be roof truss structures, and all other house structures can be reinforced concrete, from the foundations to the flight of stairs, and be developed in the RCS subsection.
Working drawings of structures must include specifications for the building materials and products used (amount of concrete, rolled metal, ready-made concrete products, embedded parts).
Using foundations as an example:
The designer-constructor performs calculations of the foundations, and does this based on data about the geology of the site and the loads on the house’s walls. And to do this, he needs to immediately decide on which walls the floor panels and roof will rest. That is, make a fundamental decision on each part of the building – how the floor slabs will be laid out (spoiler – try to load the walls evenly), rafter structures, beams and purlins.
Next, calculate the load on each of the walls of the building, from top to bottom, from the roof to the very foundations, and obtain the sum of these loads. The load on adjacent walls, already at their very bottom, where they transfer it to the foundation, is quite different. After all, we cannot equalize this load on all floors – this is not economical from other angles. Therefore, the load on the foundation is of quite different magnitudes, sometimes it differs by an order of magnitude.
Structural calculations are performed in a special calculation program, which allows us to see the load anywhere in the structures (in the picture on the left you see a real structural calculation of A10 project , You can see the calculation in more detail. right here ).
This is how we determine the pressure of foundations on soils. If there is data on the geological composition of these soils, then the first step is to determine the depth of the foundations, and the second is the width of their base. We need to equalize the pressure of the foundations on the ground to prevent uneven subsidence. As stated above, the pressure on foundations from the walls is quite different, so we will make the base of the foundation of different widths (the greater the load, the wider the base) in order to equalize its pressure on the ground.
The depth of the foundation must be no less than the depth of freezing of the soil (and this is also according to the geology of the site, this depth varies depending on the type of soil), the width of its support strip (base of the foundation) will be greater, the greater the load on the walls and the lower the strength of the soil. By selection we find their optimal width.
So, the calculations (according to the standard methodology, of course) have been completed, and now the structural civil engineer is making drawings:
foundation layout diagram and specifications (number of materials and elements)
sections of reinforced concrete foundations
All other solutions for house structures and their drawings are carried out according to the same scheme. (follow the links – samples of our work, in PDF):
layout diagram of reinforced concrete floor slabs
monolithic circuits of reinforced concrete floors;
beam floor diagram (wooden or metal);
diagram of elements (wooden or metal) of a pitched roof ;
diagram of roof beams (wooden or metal) of a pitched roof ;
cuts for pitched roofs
metal underroofing elements – beams and / or frames
nodes and details of pitched roofing
ES sections
H&WS – heating and hot water supply
V – forced ventilation;
EN – electrical networks;
These sections of the project are developed separately, by the corresponding design organization or designer, but necessarily simultaneously with the development of sections AS and SS.
Note:
If you order a set of AS + SS (architectural and structural solutions, without ES, Engineering Systems), fundamental solutions for all ES, that is, for WS (water supply and sewerage), HWS strong> (heating and hot water supply) and V (forced ventilation) we carry out as part of the architectural section. There we find acceptable places in building structures and premises, for the highways of these systems. And based on the results of this work, we make drawings for ES designers Engineering systems development tasks (WS, HWS, forced ventilation, EN) as part of the AS section. These drawings show the location of plumbing fixtures. devices, main air ducts, cables and risers, floor combs and electrical panels; there is also a plan of the furnace room with equipment for heating and preparing hot water (if necessary, other equipment – a bunker for solid fuel, a central vacuum cleaner, etc.) – in general, everything that ES developers need to take as a basis their detailed studies, calculations and drawings.
It should also be said that as part of the AS section, a system of natural ventilation of premises will also be solved (natural – this means not requiring the use of fans).
Natural ventilation in the house – how it works
Projects of engineering sections can be carried out by independent designers, or they can also be carried out by contractor firms that employ design engineers (they often carry out the design of their system conditionally – free of charge, that is, when payment for the project is deducted from the cost of installing the system when ordering it).
IA section
Interior Architecture; Workshop Drawings for this section is developed separately, by an interior designer, preferably simultaneously with the development of sections AS and SS, but this is not always relevant.
Nodes and Details in the Architectural Section – with or without them.
When ordering a project, two options are possible: with the development of architectural nodes and details (what is this look above) and without it. In the first case, the entire scope of decisions is carried out, which is shown here above in the AS section, in the second case the main architectural solutions are developed, without joints of different structures and detailed drawings.
For example, let’s take several projects, two of ours and two of third parties.
First, let’s look at our project of a two-story house with a flat roof and a basement; its shape is rectangular, but has a complex configuration. We made this project with full development of components and details, AS section (PDF, demo version of drawings A8 project ) contains 58 sheets of A3 format. This is a complete and comprehensive instruction for assembling the house.
We had the opportunity to monitor the construction of this house as a designer’s supervision, and not a single day did the process stand in anticipation of a decision on how to make this or that part of the building box or parts; not a single builder was obliged to engage in work that was not typical for him and solve complex areas of the building’s structure.
( review from one of our customers on the construction forum is interesting because at the beginning, during the design process, the person considered the components and parts to be an insignificant detail, and writes about his personal experience in this regard)
Here is an example of a kit of AS section drawings of Workshop Drawings, without development of nodes and details, according to our design of a two-story house of a simple rectangular shape, with a flat roof. The AS section contains 25 sheets of A3 format, and provides everything necessary for the construction of the building box, leaving the decision of details and nodes to the builders.
In this project of one of the Polish operators of the ready-made projects market AS section contains 13 sheets of the same format, A3, the amount of information for builders is reduced to a minimum.
We were involved in the development of some nodes that were quite critical for the house, which the builders did not want to develop on their own (these nodes are marked on one of the sections of the house, on sheet 7). Thanks to our joint efforts, the house turned out to be good, as the customer of the project reported in his review on the construction forum .
This project provides even fewer solutions , where the AS section consists of 12 sheets, and the entire architectural and construction part, sections AS and SS together – 14 sheets. This is a record so far.
So, when choosing a project configuration, there is freedom of maneuver in the direction of greater or less completeness of the project.
What other projects might be needed?
1. The design of temporary buildings and structures necessary only for the duration of construction works – retaining walls to hold the walls of the pit, site and road, temporary supports for power lines, etc. – all this is developed as part of the Construction Works Project,CWP . Such a project is carried out by specialized design organizations working with construction technologies and processes.
2. Project of the site drainage system. It includes a network of water intake devices, sewer pipelines with rotary wells and a final device where the collected water must accumulate and go into the ground. The project is being developed by specialized design and installation organizations that implement sewerage systems.
So, the stage of development of Workshop Drawings is completed, and you are on the verge of construction works.
